MASTER OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (MBT)

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MASTER OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (MBT)

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I put A comprehensive introduction of biotechnology in this hall which is belonged to California State University, Los Angeles

The Master of Biotechnology (MBt) is a professional science master’s degree program that will educate the future leaders of the biotechnology industry. The curriculum is offered through the Program in Applied Biotechnology Studies, a consortium of three member CSU campuses, Los Angeles (LA), Fullerton (F), and Pomona (P). The two-year program provides thorough training not only in the science and skills fundamental to the industry, but also in essential business, information literacy, communication, project management, cross-functional teamwork and group leadership skills. The curriculum for the degree includes a series of required core courses to be taken by all members of a class as a cohort. Required courses are distributed among 3 different campuses as described in the table under Requirements for the Degree.


Applications of Molecular Biology/Biochemistry to Biotechnology
Applications of Analytical Chemistry to Biotechnology
Applications of Regulatory Affairs/Clinical Trials/Quality Assurance to Biotechnology
Applications of Engineering to Biotechnology
Applications of Business and Medical Devices to Biotechnology
Applications of Informatics/Biomathematics to Biotechnology


Students will obtain valuable business skills and experience by interning with leading biotechnology and biomedical device companies in the Southern California region, and through their capstone MBt project. This culminating experience includes the completion of a team-based project, an individually written project report, and a team-based presentation of the project findings.


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PABS Master of Biotechnology (MBt) Curriculum
Note: Academic units are presented below as Semester Units/Quarter Units to accommodate campus programs with varying systems. Fractions occur where semester units are transferred to quarter institutions or vice versa.

Year 1

First Semester (12/18 Units)

Survey of Biotechnology:
Part A. Commercialization of Biotechnology (3/4.5); Workshop in Information Literacy** begins in June, prior to the first semester}
Part B. Molecular Biology and Pharmacology/Toxicology (3/4.5)
Part C. Mathematical Modeling and Bioinformatics (3/4.5)
Part D. Pharmaceuticals and Biomedical Device Technology (3/4.5)
(TWR evening, 3 hr per meeting)
{Homed at Cal State Fullerton}

Second Semester (9.6/14 Units)

Biotech Skills I (3.3/5): Applications Training Modules (MWR afternoon to evening)
{Homed at CSULA in winter quarter}
Biotech Skills II (1.3/2): Applications Training Module on Medical Devices
{Homed at Cal Poly Pomona in spring quarter}
Clinical Trials/Regulatory Affairs (2/3)
{Homed at Cal Poly Pomona in spring quarter} (F afternoon)
Project Management course (3/4) MGMT 554, (Homed at Cal State Los Angeles in Winter Quarter)
(Selection of research project topic and committee)
Summer - Applied Biotechnology Internship (1/2 unit)


Year 2

Third Semester (9-12/12.5-16.5 Units)

Biotech Skills III (3/4.5): Applications Training Modules
{Homed at Cal Poly Pomona} (F/S 4.5 hr per meeting)
Applied Masters’ Research Project (3/4)#
{Home campus}
Course in Concentration (3/4-6/8)*
{Home campus}
Fourth Semester (6-9/9-13 Units)

Applied Masters’ Research Project (2/3)#
{Home campus}
Writing & Presentation of MS Project (1/2)#
Courses in Concentration (3/4 - 6/8)*
{Home campus}

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Applications of Molecular Biology/Biochemistry to Biotechnology

BIOL 412 - Human Genetics (4)
BIOL 413 - Molecular Diagnostics (4)
BIOL 416 - Molecular Genetics (4)
BIOL 417 - Gene Manipulation (4)
BIOL 432 - Fundamentals of Toxicology (4)
BIOL 444 - Drug Discovery and Development (4) (also listed as CHEM 444)
BIOL 448 - Molecular Biology of the Brain (4)
BIOL 473 - Molecular Ecology (4)
MICR 401 - General Virology (4)
MICR 430 - Bacterial Physiology (3)
MICR 450 - Innate Immunity (4)
CHEM 434 - Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (4) (4)
CHEM 507 - Protein Structure (4)
CHEM 508 - Transcriptional Control of Gene Expression (4)
CHEM 509 - Signal Transduction (4)

Applications of Analytical Chemistry to Biotechnology

CHEM 425 - Polymer Chemistry (4)
CHEM 438 - Bioinorganic and Bioorganic Chemistry (4)
CHEM 462† - Instrumental Analysis (6)
BIOL 408 - Experimental Design and Advanced Biometry (4)

Applications of Regulatory Affairs/Quality Assurance to Biotechnology
Available via online courses originating at Dominguez Hills. http://www.csudh.edu/msqa/


Applications of Engineering to Biotechnology

CS 437 - Software Engineering (5)
CS 460 - Artificial Intelligence (4)
EE 422 - Digital Signal Processing (4)
EE 426 - Digital Image Processing (4)
EE 428 - Digital Signal Processing Laboratory (1)
EE 436 - Analog Integrated Circuits (4)
EE 439 - Digital Integrated Circuits (4)
EE 445 - Microprocessor Interface Design (4)
EE 413 - Systems Engineering (4)
EE 481 - Introduction to Robotics (4) (also listed as ME 481)
EE 513 - System Analysis and Design (4)
ME 402 - Advanced Mechanics of Materials (4)
ME 406 - Heat Transfer II (4)
ME 408 - Fluid Mechanics II (4)
ME 409 - Mechanical Engineering Analysis (4)
ME 503 - Design of Mechanical Systems and Products (4)
TECH 462 - Digital Manufacturing (3)
TECH 466 - Computer-Aided Manufacturing (3)
TECH 467 - Emerging Manufacturing Technologies (3)

Applications of Business to Biotechnology

ACCT 500 - Financial and Managerial Accounting (4)
MKT 500 - Marketing Principles and Concepts (4)
CIS 500 - Information Systems for Management (4)
BUS 511 - Managerial Skills and Business Ethics (4)
BUS 512A - Financial Reporting, Control, Management and Markets I (4)
BUS 512B - Financial Reporting, Control, Management and Markets II (4)
BUS 514A - Managing Business Processes I (4)
BUS 514B - Managing Business Processes II (4)
MGMT 468 - Small Business Management (4)
MGMT 470 - Managerial Leadership and Motivation (4)
MGMT 473 - Strategic Human Resource Management (4)
MGMT 588 - Seminar: New Venture Management (4)
ECON 491 - Data Analysis, Reporting and Presentation (4)

Applications of Informatics/Biomathematics to Biotechnology

BIOL 408 - Experimental Design and Advanced Biometry (4)
CHEM 434 - Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (4) (4)
CHEM 507 - Protein Structure (4)
CS 422 - Principles of Data Base Systems (4)
CS 450 - Foundations of Computer Graphics (5)
CS 451 - Multimedia Software Systems (4)
CS 460 - Artificial Intelligence (4)
CS 461 - Machine Learning (4)
CS 486 - Computability and Intractability (4)
CS 512 - Design and Analysis of Algorithms (4)
CS 520 - Web Programming (4)
CS 522 - Advanced Database Systems (4)
CS 550 - Advanced Computer Graphics (4)
CIS 543 - Data Base Systems (4)
CIS 561 - Design of an E-Commerce Site (4)
CIS 583 - Information Systems Consulting (4)
CIS 586 - Information Systems Project and Change Management (4)
MATH 470 - Numerical Analysis I (4)
MATH 472 - Linear Programming (4)
MATH 474 - Theory of Probability (4)
MATH 475 - Introduction to Mathematical Statistics (4)
MATH 484 - Graph Theory (4)
MATH 521 - Mathematical Modeling (4)
MATH 584 - Advanced Probability Theory (4)



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**Bachelor of Science in Biotechnology**


Empowering Biology with Technology

The Bachelor of Science Program in Biotechnology is intended to provide students with strong core science concepts and an application-oriented undergraduate education. Strongly interdisciplinary, this innovative program draws faculty and courses from the College of Technology and the College of Natural Science and Math. The program’s objective is to prepare students for employment opportunities in the critically important and dynamic biotechnology industry. In addition, the curriculum will provide students with knowledge and core set of skills that span across basic sciences, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education. With an emphasis on environmental biotechnology, this is the first program in the state of Texas that integrates bioprocessing, nanobiotechnology, bioinformatics and environmental biotechnology into the undergraduate curriculum.

The program recognizes the need for cross-disciplinary training and fosters collaborative interactions that will strengthen undergraduate education.

The program is specifically designed to:

Develop adaptable students with a strong foundation in skills that are relevant to the changing world of biotechnology.
Provide students with practical training in the skills and techniques of biotechnology.
Integrate the laboratory and lecture components of the program through the use of an experimental approach to learning.
Uniquely combine practical, hands-on biotechnology training with cutting-edge biotechnology research and teaching.

The two curriculum tracks: 1) Bioprocessing, and 2) Bioinformatics give students the flexibility to tailor their degree based on their interest, educational background and career goals. These tracks, in combination with core courses, will provide our students with a broad exposure to the field of biotechnology. The presence of the Texas Medical Center in the greater Houston area and a growing biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry, places this program at the forefront of Biotechnology Education.

industrial biotechnology in Europe ______ http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/ ... ort_en.pdf
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Talk slowly but think quickly

Spend some time alone

When you realize you've made a mistake, take immediate steps to correct it

BEGIN while others are procrastinating

COMMEND while others are criticizing

PREPARE while others are daydreaming

To handle yourself, use your head; to handle others use your heart.


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<3 http://www.newhealthguide.org/Calming-Foods.html <3

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History of biotechnology

Biotechnology is the application of scientific and engineering principles to the processing of materials by biological agents to provide goods and services.[1] From its inception, biotechnology has maintained a close relationship with society. Although now most often associated with the development of drugs, historically biotechnology has been principally associated with food, addressing such issues as malnutrition and famine. The history of biotechnology begins with zymotechnology, which commenced with a focus on brewing techniques for beer. By World War I, however, zymotechnology would expand to tackle larger industrial issues, and the potential of industrial fermentation gave rise to biotechnology.However, both the single-cell protein and gasohol projects failed to progress due to varying issues including public resistance, a changing economic scene, and shifts in political power.

Yet the formation of a new field, genetic engineering, would soon bring biotechnology to the forefront of science in society, and the intimate relationship between the scientific community, the public, and the government would ensue. These debates gained exposure in 1975 at the Asilomar Conference, where Joshua Lederberg was the most outspoken supporter for this emerging field in biotechnology. By as early as 1978, with the synthesis of synthetic human insulin, Lederberg's claims would prove valid, and the biotechnology industry grew rapidly. Each new scientific advance became a media event designed to capture public support, and by the 1980s, biotechnology grew into a promising real industry. In 1988, only five proteins from genetically engineered cells had been approved as drugs by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), but this number would skyrocket to over 125 by the end of the 1990s.

The field of genetic engineering remains a heated topic of discussion in today's society with the advent of gene therapy, stem cell research, cloning, and genetically modified food. While it seems only natural nowadays to link pharmaceutical drugs as solutions to health and societal problems, this relationship of biotechnology serving social needs began centuries ago.

Table of Contents

1 *Origins of biotechnology*
2 *Single-cell protein and gasohol projects*
3 *Genetic engineering*
4 *Biotechnology and industry*
5 *Global trends*
6 *See also*
7 *References*
8 *Bibliography*
9 *Further reading*
10 *External links*

relevant link _____ http://www.ask.com/wiki/History_of_biot ... technology



Talk slowly but think quickly

Spend some time alone

When you realize you've made a mistake, take immediate steps to correct it

BEGIN while others are procrastinating

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Re: MASTER OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (MBT)

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*Medical Biotechnology Trends and Achievements in Iran*

A healthcare system has been the most important priority for all governments worldwide. Biotechnology products have affected the promotion of health care over the last thirty years. During the last several decades, Iran has achieved significant success in extending healthcare to the rural areas and in reducing the rates of infant mortality and increasing population growth. Biomedical technology as a converging technology is considered a helpful tool to fulfill the Iranian healthcare missions. The number of biotechnology products has reached 148 in 2012. The total sales have increased to 98 billion USD without considering vaccines and plasma derived proteins in 2012. Iran is one of the leading countries in the Middle East and North Africa in the area of Medical biotechnology. The number of biotechnology medicines launched in Iran is 13 products until 2012. More than 15 products are in pipelines now. Manufacturers are expecting to receive the market release for more than 8 products by the end of 2012. Considering this information, Iran will lead the biotechnology products especially in area of biosimilars in Asia after India in next three years. The present review will discuss leading policy, decision makers’ role, human resource developing system and industry development in medical biotechnology.

These NGO's are responsible to develop the Iranian science-matrix:

1. Iranian Society for Biotechnology (ISB), established 1997, 600 members, four branches in different provinces
2. Iranian Genetic Society (IGS), established 2001, 500 Members
3. Iranian Biosafety Society (IBS), established 2003, 150 members
4. Bioethics Society in Science and Technology (ESST), established 2004 industry.

*Introduction*

The first Iranian National Center for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NCB GE) was established in 1989 under the supervision of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology (MRST). Plant, animal, medical and marine, industrial and environmental biotechnologies are in the scope of NCBGE. Aims of this center are defined as research activities in the field of advanced molecular biology and biotechnology, promoting applied and basic research in science and technology. Pasteur Institute of Iran, as the second biotechnology research center, started to work in this area in 1992. The first biotech and molecular biology departments started with 15 Ph.D., candidates in Pasteur institute. Pasteur medical biotechnology department has focused on recombinant production of different proteins used as biopharmaceutics, vaccine candidates or diagnostic kit components.

In collaboration with International Center for Biotechnology and genetic Engineering of Cuba, the production facility for Hepatitis vaccine and three recombinant pharmaceutical proteins, Erythropoietin, Interferon alpha, and Streptokinase was built. To assess the analytical characteristics of these recombinant proteins a protein chemistry unit was established in 1999. Further to recombinant pharmaceutics, a new drug discovery group has been recently established in Medical Biotechnology department to design and develop target based anti-infective compounds including new antifungal and also anticancer agents. The other important biotechnology institute is Razi, a vaccine and serum research institute. It is one of the oldest and most important applied research and development organization in Iran. Razi produces over 2.5 billion doses of 55 different biological products, including human and veterinary vaccines and also diagnostic antigens, at an annual value of about 100 million USD. It has 28 different departments and 1250 staff, including 133 scientists.

Graduate programs for basic medical sciences related to biotechnology issues including immunology, microbiology, virology, molecular biology and chemical engineering were launched at state universities. At the moment, with not more than 1700, the number of senior researchers (with Ph.D.) seems to be very limited in the field of medical biotechnology, But, for Iran to build a competitive biopharmaceutical industry, it should increase the resources (human as well as financial) devoted to the field by several folds to build a critical mass of research and development activities. Table 1 shows the most important research centers and universities.

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*Conclusion*

Medical biotechnology/red bio-technology is rapidly expanding world-wide and biotechnology-based diagnostics, vaccines and drugs offer very high added-value productions. Iran could enter profitably in this field, initially with generic products, since many important patents for such products have expired or are about to expire, and, conceivably, later, with novel products and processes more specific for the country and the region.

Advanced biotechnologies can offer interesting opportunities for the economic development of Iran, considering that biotechnology-based applications are not demanding in terms of capital investment or in requirements for raw materials, whereas they rely essentially on the availability of well-trained scientists and technicians. Iran can thus draw advantage from its appreciable human capital in different scientific fields.

In order to build up the biopharmaceutical sector, or the whole biotechnology sector for that matter, the government will need to adopt strategies of technology missions and technological roadmaps with clear long-term and short-term objectives and plans. Iran has established the long and short term plans for this sector. All the requirements, including human resources, capital investment, and rules and regulations that help to facilitate the production life cycle in the country are well defined. The only item that is needed is execution of the laws and regulations. Implementation of the both long and short term plans surely will put Iran in the first position in this technology in the region, third in Asia and 12 in the world. In some cases like biosimilar, it is noted that Iran can move to the first position in Asia and even in the world by launching more than 27 products by 2013. The total local market value will be close to 800 million USD with potential world-wide market value expected to be up to 2 billion USD annually. In terms of human resources, more than 3000 university graduates, with various degrees: BS, MS, Pharm. D., MD and Ph.D. will be hired and more that 9000 indirect jobs will be created for the university graduates.

relevant source_______ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3558225/


Talk slowly but think quickly

Spend some time alone

When you realize you've made a mistake, take immediate steps to correct it

BEGIN while others are procrastinating

COMMEND while others are criticizing

PREPARE while others are daydreaming

To handle yourself, use your head; to handle others use your heart.


<3 http://music.naij.com/artist-2035-celine-dion <3

<3 http://www.newhealthguide.org/Calming-Foods.html <3

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here is *answers* to some common questions

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When did we start Using Biotechnology?

To some extent we have been using biotechnology for over 10,000 years. When our ancestors found a way to select and grow certain types of plants and animals, this was an early form of biotechnology. The industrial use of biotechnology actually started when people began using microbes to produce wine, bread, cheese, and other products (before the dawn of human history).

However, modern biotechnology began just over 100 years ago. In the mid-19th century, Charles Darwin described the processes of evolution and natural selection; while an Austrian monk Gregor Mendel discovered the laws of heredity. These opened the way to a better understanding of how species evolve and relate to their environment.

In the mid-1950's, Watson and Crick described the structure of DNA as a "double helix." This was followed in the early 1970's by the development of biotechnology techniques that allow for direct and precise modification of genetic information. The first medical product of modern biotechnology was human insulin introduced in 1978. The first food product was the cheese enzyme, chymosin, approved for use in 1990. Since the mid-1990's, the U.S. government has approved over 40 different plants developed through biotechnology.

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Who is Involved with Biotechnology?

A wide range of companies, universities, interest groups and government agencies are involved with biotechnology. Each group has its own types of expertise, as well as its own concerns and interests. These groups often compete for public attention in their attempts to promote their position. The following describes the main actors in the biotechnology arena:

Scientists working at universities, government agencies, or for industry are responsible for developing the scientific understanding and tools used in modern biotechnology. This sector also includes independent scientific organizations (such as the National Academy of Sciences and the American Dietetic Association) that have publicly confirmed the safety and benefits of biotechnology.

Government agencies including the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), and others are responsible for ensuring that the products of biotechnology are safe for the public and the environment. There are also a number of international bodies involved with regulating biotechnology. Overall, there is much greater oversight and control of biotechnology than there has been for earlier scientific areas (such as traditional breeding).

Companies take the discoveries about biotechnology and apply them to products. Small, entrepreneurial firms and larger established companies play important roles in this process. These firms will play an important role in our economy for decades to come.

Farmers and other producers use the results from biotechnology research and developments to raise crops, process food, and create other useful products. American producers are competing in a global market place. In order to survive economically, they need tools to ensure a profit.

Consumer and environmental groups provide for a more balanced debate and careful evaluation of biotechnology. There are several main groups that are typically vocal on biotechnology. The first is the "precautionary principle" groups. They are opposed to biotechnology because it is not "natural". They want little or no risk at any costs. Other concerned groups either favor organic farming or distrust corporations. On the other hand, some consumer and environmental groups support agricultural biotechnology because they see it as a way to reduce the use of chemicals and increase agricultural yields with existing resources.

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Where is Biotechnology Used?

Biotechnology will have an enormous impact on every sector of society from the farm to the home, as well as in a number of industries (such as manufacturing and health care). The United States is currently the world's leader in biotechnology. Many of the most important and far-reaching discoveries in the new biosciences are coming from universities and companies in the United States. The major biotechnology research and development leading to new products are also taking place in the United States.

Many other countries are active in biotechnology research and development. Despite some of the negative reaction against US grain, the European Union and Japan are, in fact, trying to catch up with the fast emerging technologies. European scientists were early leaders in this scientific area, but their culture makes it much more difficult to produce the innovative new products.

Biotechnology will have a major impact in the developing countries. Countries in Africa, South America and Asia need new ways to provide food and other necessities for their rapidly growing populations. China and India have both made a major commitment to the future development of biotechnology for use in their countries, as well as for farm exports.

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Why Should I Care about Biotechnology?

Biotechnology will have a significant impact on all our lives and that of future generations. Like any tool, biotechnology is being used to solve some of our problems and provide benefits to various sectors. However, as with any tool, biotechnology could have negative effects, as well as positive effects. Because so much attention has been paid to biotechnology, it is possible to anticipate and address a variety of important issues.

Allergic reactions: The FDA considers potential allergens to be a very important issue. Developers are required to systematically evaluate this possibility. Special care is taken with genes derived from foods that commonly cause food allergies. For example, about 8% of people are allergic to foods that contain milk, wheat, some seafood, or nuts. The FDA regulations state that proteins taken from commonly allergenic foods are presumed to be allergens unless demonstrated otherwise. So far, no products on the market contain such allergens. If they do, FDA requires that they be clearly labeled biotech.

Impacts on the environment: For the most part, crops developed with biotechnology will have many positive impacts on the environment. Benefits include reduced pesticide use, improved water and soil conservation and greater safety for workers and the ecosystem. Overall, biotechnology is a key element in sustainable agriculture. Potential environmental risks from biotech crops are similar to those we face with plants developed by traditional methods. For example, potential ecological risks may arise from the widespread use of crops with genes from the common soil bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Scientists have recognized that insect populations will develop resistance to Bt just as they have to chemical pesticides. There may be risks to non-target species, such as butterflies, from plants with Bt genes (but these risks are less than those associated with chemical pesticides.) Concerns have been raised that a herbicide tolerant plant could pass that gene responsible for the tolerance on to a weed species, thus conferring herbicide tolerance. Monitoring for such effects and development of effective risk management approaches is an essential component of biotechnology regulation. Intense oversight from government and interest group helps ensure that environmental risks are examined before the plants are introduced to the environment.

Future benefits of food biotechnology: Future products developed through biotechnology will provide important consumer benefits, such as enhanced flavor and freshness, enhanced nutritional value and reduced saturated fat content. For developing countries, biotechnology can increase crop yields, thereby helping to address food shortages and hunger. In time, biotechnology may produce biodegradable packaging, alternatives to chemical pharmaceuticals, and more healthful food products (e.g. vegetables with increased quantities of antioxidants to reduce the risk of cancer.); as well as foods, when consumed, will deliver vaccines that can currently only be given by injection.

Ethical and Social Questions: Any technology has the potential for raising a number of social, economic, and philosophical questions. Due to its power, biotechnology has raised a number of such concerns. In one sense people are uncomfortable with the ethical issues of modifying living organisms at such a fundamental level. These concerns are much more evident with animals and humans than with plant or microbes. It will be important for society to establish clear boundaries that scientists will not cross (such as human cloning). From a socio-economic standpoint, biotechnology can affect the relationships between and relative power of different groups in society. For example, some farm groups are concerned that biotechnology will lead to a greater concentration in agricultural production and more corporate control over farming. This trend, however, has been underway for some time - due to changes in government policies and global economics, as well as advance in other types of technology.

relevant source___________ http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/foodsci/e ... otech.html


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Re: MASTER OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (MBT)

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......smile072
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IT makes me more happy if you put your idea in this hall

Talk slowly but think quickly

Spend some time alone

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BEGIN while others are procrastinating

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Re: MASTER OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (MBT)

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nptbprof نوشته شده:......smile072
.................... smile072
.................................. smile072
................................................ smile072
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IT makes me more happy if you put your idea in this hall

Thank you for such a detailed subject

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Re: MASTER OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (MBT)

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thank you too sir 4 ur presence here

Talk slowly but think quickly

Spend some time alone

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BEGIN while others are procrastinating

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<3 http://music.naij.com/artist-2035-celine-dion <3

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Re: MASTER OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (MBT)

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nptbprof نوشته شده:......smile072
.................... smile072
.................................. smile072
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IT makes me more happy if you put your idea in this hall
smile072 smile072 smile072 smile072 I love Bio
thank you for such a detailed subject

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Re: MASTER OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (MBT)

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ur repetitive posts could show ur interest smile020

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Re: MASTER OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (MBT)

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nptbprof نوشته شده:ur repetitive posts could show ur interest smile020
yes your post is interesting &valuable too

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Re: MASTER OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (MBT)

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Benefits and Risks of Biotechnology

There are numerous discussions about the development and use of modern biotechnology, especially about the safety of genetically modified foods. Benefits for human health, as well as risks can be divided into four categories:

1. Benefits:

- Increased food safety
- Enhanced nutritional composition of foods
- Food with even more health benefits
- Reduction of certain chronic diseases related to diet

By the application of genetic engineering, organoleptic properties and expiration date of certain grains were able to improve. Delaying the rotting process of fruit and vegetables provides better quality, taste, color and texture. With the help of genetic engineering it is possible to create foods with greater amount of minerals, vitamins and antioxidants. Also, by increasing crop yields deforestation is prevented, and, the most important for the developing countries, economic development is accelerated.

For developing countries, particularly useful is growing beans resistant pathogens, virus-resistant papaya, cotton, and rice enriched with vitamin A. The production of certain vaccines for - use is also important, which would be cheaper, easier to store and less stressful to use than the previous ones, and would be used for prevention of diarrhea, cholera and hepatitis B.

On the other hand, for many researchers, and the public production of so-called Frankenstein food is unacceptable tampering with nature.

2. Risks:

- Allergies
- Toxicity
- Nutrient imbalance
- Decrease of food diversity

There are concerns that the use of genetic engineering in the food industry can increase sensitivity to certain allergens. In fact, the transfer of allergenic properties of donor can be transferred to recipient. Foreign genes can disrupt the balance of nutrients. The question is how that changes will affect:

- Interaction of nutrients
- Interaction between nutrients and genes
- Bioavailability of nutrients
- Metabolism and
- "Strength" of nutrients.

By the production of genetically modified foods, different genes from different genetically modified organisms are transmitted in different ways. So far, this food is present in the market, because it is approved in many studies, so it is a little likely to endanger the life of man.

In order to determine the attitude to genetically modified products, we need to have in mind many facts, such as the rapid growth in world population, the available farmland, environment and the characteristics of genetically modified food and its impact on human health. At the same time it takes extensive knowledge and multidisciplinary approach to this issue in order to take advantage of this technology, and to avoid negative consequences.
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Re: MASTER OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (MBT)

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Methods of resolving ethical issues of biotechnology:

1. We need to understand what might be called the nature of genes and their origins, evolution, and their role in the shaping of different organisms
2. Until we understand well the size and role of genetic exchange between different types of materials we should not experiment with transgenic organisms
3. We must bear in mind that the largest number of phenotype properties of humans by which people differ, result from the large number of genes and environmental factors
4. Information related to the genetics should exclusively be used to allow each person to make a personal decision about life style.
5. The creation of biological weapons should be completely banned
6. Genetic diversity of species on Earth is one of the main resources of our planet and it is of the greatest interest to preserve that diversity.

The development of biotechnology has enabled access to genetic information stored in chromosomes and opened the way for a new development. Products obtained by using biotechnology have the potential to positively affect the environment and to change human society. On the other hand, there is much still unknown and the possibility of misuse of scientific discoveries and unpredictable consequences of scientific research are reality. It is impossible to rule out the occurrence of bioterrorism. Therefore, the development of biotechnology brings up many unresolved issues, the questions of intellectual property and legal issues.

Many predict that, over the next decade, thanks to genome sequencing operations in the developed countries, scientific development will direct towards biotechnology, while the Internet and information technology are to be suppressed from today’s leading positions.

Making diagrams of the human genome is considered by many to be the greatest scientific achievement of the twentieth century. Reading of the genome will open new areas in the field of science and medicine, but will also lead to major changes in the sphere of industry, economy and other sciences as well as in the way of thinking about the world and nature. Directed manipulation with genetic material has become a reality, and studies have begun to direct to the developing of more sophisticated instruments and methods.

So we are left to hope and to make an effort for the benefits of biotechnology to overcome the disadvantages, and to contribute to the development of the mankind.

Talk slowly but think quickly

Spend some time alone

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